Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Nanocomposite LL37-gold nanoparticles with puerarin for periodontitis-linked atherosclerosis

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04204-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Preparation and characterization of LL37-AuNPs@PUE. Note: ( A) Schematic representation of the synthesis of LL37-AuNPs@PUE; ( B ) UV-Vis absorption spectra of AuNPs, LL37-AuNPs, AuNPs@PUE, and LL37-AuNPs@PUE; ( C ) Representative TEM images of AuNPs, LL37-AuNPs, AuNPs@PUE, and LL37-AuNPs@PUE (scale bar = 20 nm); ( D ) Particle size distribution of AuNPs, LL37-AuNPs, AuNPs@PUE, and LL37-AuNPs@PUE measured by DLS; ( E ) Zeta potential of AuNPs, LL37-AuNPs, AuNPs@PUE, and LL37-AuNPs@PUE measured by DLS; ( F ) In vitro release profiles of PUE from AuNPs@PUE and LL37-AuNPs@PUE; ( G) Particle size stability of AuNPs@PUE and LL37-AuNPs@PUE in 10% FBS over 72 h; ( H ) Standard curve of PUE concentration versus absorbance at 250 nm wavelength; ( I ) Drug loading content and EE of PUE in LL37-AuNPs@PUE; ( J ) Changes in particle size of LL37-AuNPs@PUE over one week; ( K ) Changes in PDI of LL37-AuNPs@PUE over one week. All experiments were performed in triplicate. All quantitative data are presented as mean ± standard deviation

Article Snippet: To obtain PUE-loaded AuNPs (AuNPs@PUE), PUE (MCE, HY-N0145) was dissolved in DMSO (1.5 mL, 0.2 mg/mL, pH 7.4) and mixed with AuNPs.

Techniques: Zeta Potential Analyzer, In Vitro, Concentration Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Nanocomposite LL37-gold nanoparticles with puerarin for periodontitis-linked atherosclerosis

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04204-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of LL37-AuNPs@PUE. Note: ( A ) Schematic of co-incubation of different concentrations of PUE, AuNPs@PUE, or LL37-AuNPs@PUE with Pg for specified times; ( B ) Quantification of bacterial survival after 24 h of co-incubation with different concentrations of PUE, AuNPs@PUE, or LL37-AuNPs@PUE. Survival was normalized to the Control group to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of each formulation; ( C ) Quantification of bacterial survival after varying co-incubation times with equal concentrations of PUE, AuNPs@PUE, or LL37-AuNPs@PUE. Survival was normalized to the Control group to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of each formulation; ( D) Representative images of live/dead staining in different treatment groups (scale bar = 25 μm) and the ratio of green (live) to red (dead) fluorescence intensity; ( E ) Schematic of PUE, AuNPs@PUE, or LL37-AuNPs@PUE treatment of Pg biofilms; ( F ) OD at 595 nm of various treatment groups after crystal violet staining; ( G ) Representative SEM images of Pg in each treatment group (scale bar = 2 μm); ( H ) Levels of β-galactosidase release from Pg cells in each treatment group; * indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01, *** indicates p < 0.001 between groups; all experiments were repeated three times. All quantitative data are presented as mean ± standard deviation

Article Snippet: To obtain PUE-loaded AuNPs (AuNPs@PUE), PUE (MCE, HY-N0145) was dissolved in DMSO (1.5 mL, 0.2 mg/mL, pH 7.4) and mixed with AuNPs.

Techniques: In Vitro, Incubation, Control, Formulation, Staining, Fluorescence, Standard Deviation

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Nanocomposite LL37-gold nanoparticles with puerarin for periodontitis-linked atherosclerosis

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04204-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Impact of LL37-AuNPs@PUE on HAECs cellular phenotype post-Pg infection. Note: ( A ) Schematic of HAECs treated with Pg in the presence of free PUE, AuNPs@PUE, LL37-AuNP, or LL37-AuNPs@PUE; ( B ) Cell viability of each group determined by CCK-8 assay; ( C ) Representative images of EdU staining in each group (scale bar = 100 μm) and quantification of EdU positive cells percentage; ( D ) Representative images of cell migration in each group measured by Transwell assay (scale bar = 100 μm) and quantification of migrated cells; ( E ) Apoptosis rate in each group assessed by flow cytometry; ( F ) Expression of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in each group detected by RT-qPCR; ( G ) Levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the supernatant of cultured HAECs from each group measured by ELISA; * indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01, *** indicates p < 0.001, **** indicates p < 0.0001; all experiments were repeated three times. All quantitative data are presented as mean ± standard deviation

Article Snippet: To obtain PUE-loaded AuNPs (AuNPs@PUE), PUE (MCE, HY-N0145) was dissolved in DMSO (1.5 mL, 0.2 mg/mL, pH 7.4) and mixed with AuNPs.

Techniques: Infection, CCK-8 Assay, Staining, Migration, Transwell Assay, Flow Cytometry, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Cell Culture, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Nanocomposite LL37-gold nanoparticles with puerarin for periodontitis-linked atherosclerosis

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04204-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of LL37-AuNPs@PUE on atherosclerosis and inflammatory phenotype in periodontitis mice. Note: ( A ) Representative images of Oil Red O staining of aorta from each group (n=6) and quantification of plaque area percentage; ( B ) Representative images of Oil Red O stained aortic sections from each group (n=6) (scale bar = 100 μm) and quantification of plaque area percentage; ( C ) Representative images of H&E stained aortic sections from each group (n=6) (scale bar = 100 μm) and quantification of necrotic core percentage; ( D ) Immunohistochemical staining for inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in aortic sections from each group (n=6) (scale bar = 50 μm), quantification of positive staining area percentage; ( E ) Levels of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the serum of each group (n=6); * indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01, *** indicates p < 0.001, **** indicates p < 0.0001. All quantitative data are presented as mean ± standard deviation

Article Snippet: To obtain PUE-loaded AuNPs (AuNPs@PUE), PUE (MCE, HY-N0145) was dissolved in DMSO (1.5 mL, 0.2 mg/mL, pH 7.4) and mixed with AuNPs.

Techniques: Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, Standard Deviation

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Nanocomposite LL37-gold nanoparticles with puerarin for periodontitis-linked atherosclerosis

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04204-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Impact of ENPP2 overexpression on endothelial inflammation induced by Pg. Note: ( A ) Schematic of ENPP2-OE transfection; ( B ) RT-qPCR analysis of ENPP2 expression in various HAECs groups; ( C ) Western Blot analysis of ENPP2 expression in different HAECs groups; ( D ) Schematic of HAECs treated with Pg post-NC-OE or ENPP2-OE transfection in the presence or absence of LL37-AuNPs@PUE; ( E ) RT-qPCR analysis of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in HAECs; ( F ) ELISA measurement of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in supernatants from cultured HAECs; ( G ) Western Blot analysis and quantification of PPARG expression in HAECs; ** indicates p < 0.01, *** indicates p < 0.001, **** indicates p < 0.0001, all experiments were repeated three times. All quantitative data are presented as mean ± standard deviation

Article Snippet: To obtain PUE-loaded AuNPs (AuNPs@PUE), PUE (MCE, HY-N0145) was dissolved in DMSO (1.5 mL, 0.2 mg/mL, pH 7.4) and mixed with AuNPs.

Techniques: Over Expression, Transfection, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Western Blot, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Cell Culture, Standard Deviation

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Nanocomposite LL37-gold nanoparticles with puerarin for periodontitis-linked atherosclerosis

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04204-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Regulation of atherosclerosis in periodontitis mice by LL37-AuNPs@PUE via the ENPP2/PPARG pathway. Note: ( A ) Western Blot analysis and protein quantification of ENPP2 and PPARG in aortic tissue from each group ( n =6); ( B ) Representative images of Oil Red O staining of aortas from each group ( n =6) and quantification of plaque area percentage; ( C ) Representative images of aortic slices stained with Oil Red O (scale bar=100 μm) and quantification of plaque area percentage; ( D ) Representative images of aortic slices stained with H&E (scale bar=100 μm) and quantification of necrotic core percentage; * indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01, *** indicates p < 0.001, **** indicates p < 0.0001. All quantitative data are presented as mean ± standard deviation

Article Snippet: To obtain PUE-loaded AuNPs (AuNPs@PUE), PUE (MCE, HY-N0145) was dissolved in DMSO (1.5 mL, 0.2 mg/mL, pH 7.4) and mixed with AuNPs.

Techniques: Western Blot, Staining, Standard Deviation

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Nanocomposite LL37-gold nanoparticles with puerarin for periodontitis-linked atherosclerosis

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04204-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Influence of LL37-AuNPs@PUE on vascular inflammation and lipid levels in periodontitis mice via the ENPP2/PPARG pathway. Note: ( A ) Representative immunohistochemical staining images of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in aortic slices from each group ( n =6), scale bar = 50 μm, quantification of positive staining area percentage; ( B ) Levels of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in serum from each group ( n =6); ( C ) Lipid profile levels (TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C) in serum from each group ( n =6); * indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01, *** indicates p < 0.001, **** indicates p < 0.0001. All quantitative data are presented as mean ± standard deviation

Article Snippet: To obtain PUE-loaded AuNPs (AuNPs@PUE), PUE (MCE, HY-N0145) was dissolved in DMSO (1.5 mL, 0.2 mg/mL, pH 7.4) and mixed with AuNPs.

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Standard Deviation

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Nanocomposite LL37-gold nanoparticles with puerarin for periodontitis-linked atherosclerosis

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04204-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of the molecular mechanism by which LL37-AuNPs@PUE prevents atherosclerosis in periodontitis mice

Article Snippet: To obtain PUE-loaded AuNPs (AuNPs@PUE), PUE (MCE, HY-N0145) was dissolved in DMSO (1.5 mL, 0.2 mg/mL, pH 7.4) and mixed with AuNPs.

Techniques: